Riya was a student in Class 6. Her teacher asked everyone to bring a science project to school on Monday.On Monday morning, Riya came to class without her project.
Her teacher thought:
“Riya is careless. She did not finish her work because she is lazy.”
This is an example of Dispositional Attribution.
It means we explain someone’s behavior by saying it happened because of their personality.
For example:
“He failed because he is lazy.”
“She shouted because she is a bad person.”
But sometimes, we judge too quickly.
Later, the teacher asked Riya what happened.
Riya said:
“Ma’am, I finished most of my project on Sunday. But at night, the electricity went out for many hours. I could not print the pictures. My father also had to take my grandmother to the hospital, so no one could help me.”
Now the teacher understood that there were also outside problems.
This is called Situational Attribution.
It means we explain behavior by looking at the situation around the person.
The teacher now thought:
“Maybe Riya was not simply careless. She also faced some difficult problems.”
But the teacher did not say:
“Then nothing was Riya’s responsibility.”
She asked:
“Could you have told me earlier?”
Riya said:
“Yes. I could have sent you a message in the morning.”
The teacher understood that the situation caused most of the problem, but Riya still had a small responsibility.
This is like the Subtractive Rule.
It means:
Before blaming someone, first remove the effect of things that were outside their control.
The teacher then checked a few more things.
She asked:
“Did other students in Riya’s area also lose electricity?”
Yes. Three other students had the same problem.
This is Consensus.
She asked:
“Does Riya usually forget her homework and projects?”
No. Riya normally brings her work on time.
This is Consistency.
She asked:
“Is Riya late with every type of schoolwork?”
No. This problem happened mainly with this project.
This is Distinctiveness.
After looking at all these facts, the teacher decided:
“This was mostly caused by the situation, not by Riya being a lazy person.”
A few days later, Riya finished the project.
She got first prize.
Riya happily said:
“I won because I am very smart and hardworking!”
But one month later, she got a low mark in a maths test.
This time she said:
“The test was too hard. The teacher gave bad questions. I was unlucky.”
Notice what happened.
When Riya succeeded, she gave herself the credit.
When she failed, she blamed outside things.
This is called Self-Serving Bias.
People often do this because it helps them feel better about themselves.
But it is better to be fair.
Riya could say:
“I did well in the project because I worked hard, and my teacher also helped me.”
And for the maths test:
“The test was difficult, but I also did not practise enough. I can prepare better next time.”
That is a more balanced way of thinking.
Moral
Do not judge a person from one action.
Before saying:
“He is lazy.”
“She is careless.”
“He is bad.”
Ask:
“What happened around them?”
“Do they always behave like this?”
“Would other people also struggle in the same situation?”
Also, be fair when judging yourself.
Do not take all the credit when things go well and blame everyone else when things go badly.
A wise person looks at both:
the person and the situation.
The best question is NOT :
“Who should I blame?”
The better question is:
“What really caused this, and what can we learn from it?”